“Will we be retired — or unemployed?” the leader of a futurist conference asked in 2007 while envisioning a world filled with AIs possessed of superhuman intelligence. More recent — and more restrained — researchers such as Kate Darling have argued that our best option lies in human-machine partnerships, although with the caveat suggested by Madeleine Claire Elish in her paper Moral Crumple Zones that the human partner will be the one that gets the blame when things go wrong. 

However, in the vast majority of the human-machine partnerships already in existence, the human partner is one or more invisible microtask workers being paid tiny amounts to label images, remotely take over a faltering delivery drone, or transcribe bits of text. 

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